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<article class="Vimdoc VimdocJa">
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<a class="Constant" href="usr_26.html" name="usr_26.txt">usr_26.txt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For&nbsp;<span class="Identifier">Vim version 8.0.</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;Last change: 2006 Apr 24<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Repeating<br>
<br>
<br>
An editing task is hardly ever unstructured.&nbsp;&nbsp;A change often needs to be made<br>
several times.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this chapter a number of useful ways to repeat a change<br>
will be explained.<br>
<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_26.html#26.1">26.1</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Repeating with Visual mode<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_26.html#26.2">26.2</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Add and subtract<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_26.html#26.3">26.3</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Making a change in many files<br>
<a class="Identifier" href="usr_26.html#26.4">26.4</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Using Vim from a shell script<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Next chapter:&nbsp;<a class="Identifier" href="usr_27.html">usr_27.txt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Search commands and patterns<br>
&nbsp;Previous chapter:&nbsp;<a class="Identifier" href="usr_25.html">usr_25.txt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Editing formatted text<br>
Table of contents:&nbsp;<a class="Identifier" href="usr_toc.html">usr_toc.txt</a><br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_26.html#26.1" name="26.1">26.1</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Repeating with Visual mode<br>
<br>
Visual mode is very handy for making a change in any sequence of lines.&nbsp;&nbsp;You<br>
can see the highlighted text, thus you can check if the correct lines are<br>
changed.&nbsp;&nbsp;But making the selection takes some typing.&nbsp;&nbsp;The &quot;gv&quot; command<br>
selects the same area again.&nbsp;&nbsp;This allows you to do another operation on the<br>
same text.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Suppose you have some lines where you want to change &quot;2001&quot; to &quot;2002&quot; and<br>
&quot;2000&quot; to &quot;2001&quot;:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">The financial results for 2001 are better</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">than for 2000.&nbsp;&nbsp;The income increased by 50%,</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">even though 2001 had more rain than 2000.</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">2000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2001</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">income&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;45,403&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66,234</span><br>
<br>
First change &quot;2001&quot; to &quot;2002&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;Select the lines in Visual mode, and use:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:s/2001/2002/g</div>
<br>
Now use &quot;gv&quot; to reselect the same text.&nbsp;&nbsp;It doesn't matter where the cursor<br>
is.&nbsp;&nbsp;Then use &quot;:s/2000/2001/g&quot; to make the second change.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Obviously, you can repeat these changes several times.<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_26.html#26.2" name="26.2">26.2</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Add and subtract<br>
<br>
When repeating the change of one number into another, you often have a fixed<br>
offset.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the example above, one was added to each year.&nbsp;&nbsp;Instead of typing<br>
a substitute command for each year that appears, the&nbsp;<span class="Special">CTRL-A</span>&nbsp;command can be<br>
used.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Using the same text as above, search for a year:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;/19[0-9][0-9]\|20[0-9][0-9]</div>
<br>
Now press&nbsp;<span class="Special">CTRL-A</span>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The year will be increased by one:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">The financial results for 2002 are better</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">than for 2000.&nbsp;&nbsp;The income increased by 50%,</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">even though 2001 had more rain than 2000.</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">2000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2001</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">income&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;45,403&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;66,234</span><br>
<br>
Use &quot;n&quot; to find the next year, and press &quot;.&quot; to repeat the&nbsp;<span class="Special">CTRL-A</span>&nbsp;(&quot;.&quot; is a<br>
bit quicker to type).&nbsp;&nbsp;Repeat &quot;n&quot; and &quot;.&quot; for all years that appear.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Hint: set the&nbsp;<a class="Type" href="options.html#'hlsearch'">'hlsearch'</a>&nbsp;option to see the matches you are going to change,<br>
then you can look ahead and do it faster.<br>
<br>
Adding more than one can be done by prepending the number to&nbsp;<span class="Special">CTRL-A</span>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Suppose<br>
you have this list:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;item four</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;item five</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;item six</span><br>
<br>
Move the cursor to &quot;1.&quot; and type:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3 CTRL-A</div>
<br>
The &quot;1.&quot; will change to &quot;4.&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;Again, you can use &quot;.&quot; to repeat this on the<br>
other numbers.<br>
<br>
Another example:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">006&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; foo bar</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">007&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; foo bar</span><br>
<br>
Using&nbsp;<span class="Special">CTRL-A</span>&nbsp;on these numbers results in:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">007&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; foo bar</span><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="PreProc">010&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; foo bar</span><br>
<br>
7 plus one is 10?&nbsp;&nbsp;What happened here is that Vim recognized &quot;007&quot; as an octal<br>
number, because there is a leading zero.&nbsp;&nbsp;This notation is often used in C<br>
programs.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you do not want a number with leading zeros to be handled as<br>
octal, use this:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:set nrformats-=octal</div>
<br>
The&nbsp;<span class="Special">CTRL-X</span>&nbsp;command does subtraction in a similar way.<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_26.html#26.3" name="26.3">26.3</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Making a change in many files<br>
<br>
Suppose you have a variable called &quot;x_cnt&quot; and you want to change it to<br>
&quot;x_counter&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;This variable is used in several of your C files.&nbsp;&nbsp;You need to<br>
change it in all files.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is how you do it.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Put all the relevant files in the argument list:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:args *.c</div>
<br>
This finds all C files and edits the first one.&nbsp;&nbsp;Now you can perform a<br>
substitution command on all these files:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;:argdo %s/\&lt;x_cnt\&gt;/x_counter/ge | update</div>
<br>
The &quot;:argdo&quot; command takes an argument that is another command.&nbsp;&nbsp;That command<br>
will be executed on all files in the argument list.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The &quot;%s&quot; substitute command that follows works on all lines.&nbsp;&nbsp;It finds the<br>
word &quot;x_cnt&quot; with &quot;\&lt;x_cnt\&gt;&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;The &quot;\&lt;&quot; and &quot;\&gt;&quot; are used to match the whole<br>
word only, and not &quot;px_cnt&quot; or &quot;x_cnt2&quot;.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The flags for the substitute command include &quot;g&quot; to replace all occurrences<br>
of &quot;x_cnt&quot; in the same line.&nbsp;&nbsp;The &quot;e&quot; flag is used to avoid an error message<br>
when &quot;x_cnt&quot; does not appear in the file.&nbsp;&nbsp;Otherwise &quot;:argdo&quot; would abort on<br>
the first file where &quot;x_cnt&quot; was not found.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The &quot;|&quot; separates two commands.&nbsp;&nbsp;The following &quot;update&quot; command writes the<br>
file only if it was changed.&nbsp;&nbsp;If no &quot;x_cnt&quot; was changed to &quot;x_counter&quot; nothing<br>
happens.<br>
<br>
There is also the &quot;:windo&quot; command, which executes its argument in all<br>
windows.&nbsp;&nbsp;And &quot;:bufdo&quot; executes its argument on all buffers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful with<br>
this, because you might have more files in the buffer list than you think.<br>
Check this with the &quot;:buffers&quot; command (or &quot;:ls&quot;).<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<a class="Constant" href="usr_26.html#26.4" name="26.4">26.4</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Using Vim from a shell script<br>
<br>
Suppose you have a lot of files in which you need to change the string<br>
&quot;-person-&quot; to &quot;Jones&quot; and then print it.&nbsp;&nbsp;How do you do that?&nbsp;&nbsp;One way is to<br>
do a lot of typing.&nbsp;&nbsp;The other is to write a shell script to do the work.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The Vim editor does a superb job as a screen-oriented editor when using<br>
Normal mode commands.&nbsp;&nbsp;For batch processing, however, Normal mode commands do<br>
not result in clear, commented command files; so here you will use Ex mode<br>
instead.&nbsp;&nbsp;This mode gives you a nice command-line interface that makes it easy<br>
to put into a batch file.&nbsp;&nbsp;(&quot;Ex command&quot; is just another name for a<br>
command-line (:) command.)<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The Ex mode commands you need are as follows:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;%s/-person-/Jones/g<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;write tempfile<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quit</div>
<br>
You put these commands in the file &quot;change.vim&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;Now to run the editor in<br>
batch mode, use this shell script:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for file in *.txt; do<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vim -e -s $file &lt; change.vim<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lpr -r tempfile<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done</div>
<br>
The for-done loop is a shell construct to repeat the two lines in between,<br>
while the $file variable is set to a different file name each time.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The second line runs the Vim editor in Ex mode (-e argument) on the file<br>
$file and reads commands from the file &quot;change.vim&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;The -s argument tells<br>
Vim to operate in silent mode.&nbsp;&nbsp;In other words, do not keep outputting the<br>
:prompt, or any other prompt for that matter.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The &quot;lpr -r tempfile&quot; command prints the resulting &quot;tempfile&quot; and deletes<br>
it (that's what the -r argument does).<br>
<br>
<br>
READING FROM STDIN<br>
<br>
Vim can read text on standard input.&nbsp;&nbsp;Since the normal way is to read commands<br>
there, you must tell Vim to read text instead.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is done by passing the<br>
&quot;-&quot; argument in place of a file.&nbsp;&nbsp;Example:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ls | vim -</div>
<br>
This allows you to edit the output of the &quot;ls&quot; command, without first saving<br>
the text in a file.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; If you use the standard input to read text from, you can use the &quot;-S&quot;<br>
argument to read a script:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;producer | vim -S change.vim -</div>
<br>
<br>
NORMAL MODE SCRIPTS<br>
<br>
If you really want to use Normal mode commands in a script, you can use it<br>
like this:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vim -s script file.txt ...</div>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="Todo">Note</span>:<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;-s&quot; has a different meaning when it is used without &quot;-e&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here it<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;means to source the &quot;script&quot; as Normal mode commands.&nbsp;&nbsp;When used with<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;-e&quot; it means to be silent, and doesn't use the next argument as a<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;file name.<br>
<br>
The commands in &quot;script&quot; are executed like you typed them.&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't forget that<br>
a line break is interpreted as pressing&nbsp;<span class="Special">&lt;Enter&gt;</span>.&nbsp;&nbsp;In Normal mode that moves<br>
the cursor to the next line.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; To create the script you can edit the script file and type the commands.<br>
You need to imagine what the result would be, which can be a bit difficult.<br>
Another way is to record the commands while you perform them manually.&nbsp;&nbsp;This<br>
is how you do that:<br>
<br>
<div class="helpExample">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vim -w script file.txt ...</div>
<br>
All typed keys will be written to &quot;script&quot;.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you make a small mistake you<br>
can just continue and remember to edit the script later.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; The &quot;-w&quot; argument appends to an existing script.&nbsp;&nbsp;That is good when you<br>
want to record the script bit by bit.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you want to start from scratch and<br>
start all over, use the &quot;-W&quot; argument.&nbsp;&nbsp;It overwrites any existing file.<br>
<br>
<span class="PreProc">==============================================================================</span><br>
<br>
Next chapter:&nbsp;<a class="Identifier" href="usr_27.html">usr_27.txt</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Search commands and patterns<br>
<br>
Copyright: see&nbsp;<a class="Identifier" href="usr_01.html#manual-copyright">manual-copyright</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl:<br>
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